FLK1 · Legal Services

Financial services regulation in legal practice

SQE1 revision notes — the key rules, leading cases and common traps for this topic, in plain English and current to 2026.

LSV.04 — Financial Services Regulation in Legal Practice

The core problem

A solicitor doing tax, probate, conveyancing or corporate work may stray into regulated financial services activity without realising. The default rule: carrying on a "regulated activity" by way of business requires authorisation by the FCA under s.19 Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA) (the general prohibition). Breach is a criminal offence.

The test (apply in order)

Is it a specified activity in relation to a specified investment? Set out in the FSMA 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 (RAO). Activities: advising on, arranging, dealing in, managing, safeguarding. Investments: shares, debentures, life policies, units, regulated mortgage contracts, insurance — NOT land/buildings as such, or ordinary deposits.
By way of business?
Does an exclusion apply? (e.g. the "execution-only" / arranging exclusions in the RAO).

The two routes for solicitors

DPB / "exempt professional firm" route: Most firms are NOT FCA-authorised. The SRA is a Designated Professional Body. Under FSMA s.327, a firm may carry on regulated activities WITHOUT FCA authorisation if they are incidental to, and arise out of, the provision of professional (legal) services, the firm accounts for any commission to the client, and the activity is not otherwise prohibited. Governed by the SRA Financial Services (Scope) Rules and (Conduct of Business) Rules.
FCA authorisation: Needed where financial services are a mainstream part of the business (not incidental) or for excluded activities.

Key distinctions / traps

Insurance distribution / mediation (e.g. arranging After-the-Event or defective title insurance) is a regulated activity — but commonly covered by the s.327 exempt route, provided the firm is on the FCA's Exempt Professional Firms register.
Credit-related activity (e.g. instalment fee arrangements) can be regulated — watch consumer-credit rules.
Land is not a specified investment, but a regulated mortgage contract IS — advising a buyer on which mortgage to take is regulated; conveyancing on the property is not.
Generic vs specific advice: explaining how an investment works is not "advising"; recommending a particular investment is.
The exempt route requires the activity be incidental and complementary to legal work — purely standalone financial advice falls outside it and needs FCA authorisation.

Try a real SQE1 question

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Two individuals run a graphic-design business as a partnership. There is no written partnership agreement. One partner contributed £80,000 of the start-up capital and the other contributed £20,000. Over the first year one partner worked full time on the business while the other worked only occasionally, and the full-time partner now argues she should receive a salary for her extra work and a larger share of the £50,000 profit to reflect her capital and effort. The other partner disagrees. The partners cannot resolve the dispute and ask how the default rules of partnership law apply. Which of the following best describes the position under the default rules?

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